ABSTRACT Brazil is a benchmark in sugarcane production, with the state of São Paulo standing out as the largest Brazilian producer. However, for sugarcane suppliers and mills to sustain this activity, there is a need to improve productivity per hectare and reduce production costs. In this regard, this study aimed to propose fuzzy systems to estimate sugarcane productivity based on planted area (Area) and total cost of soil tillage (TCST) for raw material suppliers and mills. To this end, two fuzzy inference systems were constructed for the output variable (productivity) from two input variables (Area and TCST), considering five membership functions (very low, low, medium, high, and very high). Additionally, a survey on 42 sugarcane suppliers and 31 mills in the state of São Paulo was used for model construction. The results showed that the relationship between Area and TCST reflects on the productivity of sugarcane suppliers and mills in distinct ways. For suppliers, an increase in productivity is observed when there is an almost negative relationship between both input variables. For mills, productivity rises when these variables fluctuate in the same direction. Therefore, the proposed method is viable and provides relevant information for conjecturing survival strategies for agents in the sugarcane energy sector.

ABSTRACT. In agriculture with 4.0 technologies, developing a decision model with a 0.0 cost is attractive to small farmers. In water management, if this approach could be used to promote sustainability and optimization, it could become a pathway to reach the sustainable development goal in 2030. The core of this work is the development of a 4.0 mathematical model (based on fuzzy concepts) to verify the benefits of the production of lettuce irrigated with magnetically treated water at different replacement rates. This approach is achieved using computational 4.0 software and manual methods. The aim of mathematical modeling is to understand or explain a natural phenomenon associated with a given area of knowledge, and fuzzy-rule-based systems have been widely used in different types of in-depth research.

Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of season and pregnancy stage on the temperature of various body areas of Holstein cows using digital infrared thermography, an effective and non-invasive technique. The temperature was recorded at several areas of the body surface to determine the most reliable body area for measurement of rectal temperature in pregnant and non-pregnant animals. Holstein cows (n = 24) were divided into groups according to their physiological stage. The experimental period was 365 days, containing a dry (April-September) and rainy (October-March) season, with parameters measured every 28 days. Thermographic data for different body areas, rectal thermometry, ultrasonography, and climatic data were collected between 7:00 and 9:00. Thermogram-recorded temperatures significantly differed (P < 0.05) between seasons and reproductive phases. Moreover, significant differences were noted between the temperatures of the flank, lateral udder, and perineal areas across seasons (P < 0.05). The udder, perineal, and rectal temperatures differed according to the reproductive phase (P < 0.05). Significant correlations (P < 0.01) were observed between reproductive phases and rectal, ocular globe, snout, flank, and perineum temperature. The body areas examined by thermographic imaging presented different temperatures, exhibiting physiological variation. Season and physiological stage influenced the temperature of body areas of milk cows.

Resumo A economia leiteira abrange produtos de grande destaque para o agronegócio brasileiro. Sua produção apresentou crescimento nas últimas décadas, podendo atribuir-se a fatores, como o aumento do número de vacas ordenhadas e/ou adoção de animais com maior produtividade no rebanho, e a inserção de tecnologia no processo de produção leiteira. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar, junto à base de dados do Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial – INPI, a totalidade de registros de patentes vinculadas à atividade da produção leiteira, principalmente durante a fase de ordenha, verificando se há correlação entre o número de registros e o aumento de produtividade e/ou o aumento do número de animais em lactação. Foram consultadas na base de dados do INPI, registros de patentes relacionadas ao processo de ordenha realizadas no período entre 1975 e 2015 No ano de 1996, foi promulgada a Lei n.º 9.279, que garante os direitos e obrigações relativos à propriedade industrial, momento em que ocorre maior procura pelos pedidos de registros. Entretanto, o número de pedidos de registros não foi significativo, se comparado com o período após 2006, quando entrou em vigor no Brasil a Instrução Normativa 51, que regula todo o processo envolvido na produção leiteira, quando, então, ocorreu um aumento expressivo do número de registros na base de dados do INPI. Concluiu-se, assim, que o aumento do número de patentes no período analisado coincidiu com o aumento da produção de leite, relacionado ao maior número de animais ordenhados e / ou maior produção de leite no rebanho brasileiro, o que torna a evolução tecnológica no setor ser mencionada como uma das causas da melhoria da qualidade dos produtos lácteos.

Abstract The dairy economy is one of the most important sectors of Brazilian agribusiness. Dairy production showed growth over the last few decades, which can be attributed to factors such as: an increase in the number of milked cows and/or the adoption of more productive animals in the dairy herd, and the insertion of technology into the dairy production process. Thus, the objective of this study was to quantify, together with the Brazilian National Institute of Industrial Property – INPI – database, all registrations of patents related to the milk production activity, mainly during the milking phase, verifying if there is any correlation between the number of registrations and the increase in productivity and / or the increase in number of lactating animals. Patent records related to the milking process carried out between 1975 and 2015 were consulted in the INPI database. The Brazilian law No. 9,279 was enacted in 1996, which guarantees the rights and obligations related to industrial property, and at that time a greater demand for registrations occurred, although this was not significant when compared with the period after 2006, when Normative Instruction 51 came into force, which regulates the whole process involved in milk production, obtaining a significant increase in the number of registrations in the INPI database. It was thus concluded that the increase in the number of patents during the period analyzed coincided with the increase in milk production, which was related to the greater number of milked animals and/or higher milk yields in the Brazilian herd, which makes the technological evolution in the sector be mentioned as one of the causes of the improvement in quality of dairy products.

Este trabalho discute o uso da análise de frequência de moscas das famílias Calliphoridae e Muscidae na avaliação do impacto da implantação de programas de coleta seletiva de lixo urbano. Para isto, utilizou-se do estudo de caso de Tupã, município paulista, em duas fases distintas: fase 1 - compreendida entre os meses de junho e outubro de 2001, período caracterizado pela presença do lixão e; fase 2 - entre os meses de novembro de 2001 a maio de 2002, caracterizada pelo início da implantação do processo de coleta seletiva e reciclagem e aterramento gradativo do lixão. Procedeu-se a captura dos insetos com dez armadilhas confeccionadas com garrafas plásticas, de dois litros, do tipo PET, alocadas em residências e árvores ao redor do lixão. Como atrativo utilizou-se aproximadamente 400 ml de vinhaça de cana de açúcar, substituída semanalmente no ato da colheita. Nas duas fases da pesquisa, observou-se que a família mais frequente e constante foi a Calliphoridae.  Houve correlação positiva, antes da coleta seletiva, entre o número de califorídeos e a precipitação pluviométrica (0,638) e, entre o número de muscídeos e a temperatura média (0,605). Após a coleta, o mesmo não foi observado. O programa de coleta seletiva implantado nesse município paulista resultou em diminuição significativa na frequência de dípteros e a análise da flutuação de califorídeos e muscídeos demonstrou-se como um eficiente indicador de monitoramento da qualidade ambiental.

The present paper discusses the importance of analysing the frequency of flies of the Muscidae and Calliphoridae family, evaluating the impact of the implementation of urban garbage collection’s programs. It was examined the case study of the city Tupa – Sao Paulo’s State- which was divided in two distinct phases: phase 1 – between June and October of 2001, characterized by the presence of landfill and; phase 2 – from November of 2001 to May of 2002, characterized by the beginning of the implementation of selective collection and recycling and gradual dump grouding. The procedure for the capture of the insects was made with ten traps made with two-liter plastics bottles placed in houses and trees around the landfill. As an attractive, 400 mL of spill from sugar cane was used and replaced weekly. In both phases of the research was observed that the most frequent and constant family was the Calliphoridae. There was a positive correlation before the selective collection between the number of Calliphoridae and the rainfall (0,638) and the number of muscideos and the average temperature (0,605). After the collection program started, this correlation was not observed any more. To conclude, the program of selective collection implanted in the city of Tupa resulted in a decrease in the frequency of diptera. The analysis of the Callidoridae and Muscidae float demonstrated to be an efficient indicator of the environmental quality.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar diferenças comportamentais entre poedeiras criadas sob diferentes densidades e tamanhos de grupo, em condições de ambiente enriquecido. Foram utilizadas poedeiras Isa Brown com idade entre 30 e 32 semanas alojadas em galpões de escala reduzida e distorcida. As aves foram criadas durante 28 dias, em baias com cama de maravalha, poleiro e ninho. Foram avaliados dois tamanhos de grupos (6 e 12 aves) e duas densidades de criação (774 e 1.440 cm² por ave), em arranjo fatorial com três repetições. Em amostras de vídeo de 15 min, foram registrados as frequências e os tempos de expressão dos comportamentos: arrumar penas, banho de areia, bater asas, beber água, bicar, coçar a cabeça, ciscar, comer, empoleirar, esticar perna, perseguir, sentar e visitar o ninho. Foram observados efeitos significativos dos tratamentos e da interação entre eles. O grupo de seis aves manifestou aumento da frequência de comportamentos que indicam maior frustração das aves, independentemente da densidade. O tamanho de grupo é o fator mais importante para o bem-estar das aves.

The objective of this work was to determine the behavioral differences among laying hens reared at different densities and group sizes, in an enriched environment. Isa Brown laying hens with ages from 30 to 32-week-old, in small-sized and deformed pens, were used. Hens were raised during 28 days in bays with shavings bedding, perch and nest. Two group sizes were evaluated (6 and 12 fowls) and at two rearing densities (774 and 1,440 cm² by fowl) in a factorial arrangement with three replicates. In fifteen-minute video footages, it was recorded the frequency and the expression period for the following behavior were recorded: feather scratching, sand bath, wing beating, drinking water, pecking, head scratching, earth scratching, eating, perching, leg stretching, pursuing, sitting, and nest visiting. The treatments and the interaction between them had significant effects. The six-hen group increased the frequency of behavior types that indicate fowl frustration, regardless of density. The group size is the most important factor for hen well-being.

INTRODUÇÃO: O conhecimento do perfil físico ideal para cada função e das lesões que mais acometem cada atleta é essencial para o sucesso de uma equipe. Este estudo teve dois objetivos: (a) definir o perfil físico dos atletas e (b) estudar epidemiologicamente as lesões sofridas, durante a Copa Municipal de Futebol Amador. METODOLOGIA: Foram avaliados 50 atletas divididos em cinco grupos: goleiros (GO), zagueiros (ZA), laterais (LA), meio-campistas (MC) e atacantes (AT). As lesões foram classificadas, pelo local, mecanismo, gravidade e posição do jogador. RESULTADOS: O perfil físico dos atletas foi: altura de 1,74 ± 0,07m, peso de 74,93 ± 8,17kg, percentual de gordura de 15,19 ± 3,03%, flexibilidade de 27,56 ± 12,0cm e idade de 25,32 ± 4,41 anos. A análise realizada revelou diferenças significativas entre as variáveis altura (p < 0,001) e peso (p = 0,021) em relação à posição dos atletas em campo, e correlação entre incidência de lesões e diminuição da flexibilidade. Foram registradas 21 lesões em 53 partidas, correspondendo a 0,40 lesões por jogo, ou 12 lesões por 1.000 horas/atleta. As lesões com contato físico representaram 57%; nove lesões (43%) foram classificadas como leves e apenas cinco (24%) foram consideradas graves. CONCLUSÃO: O perfil físico dos atletas avaliados foi similar ao anteriormente referenciado, homogêneo nas variáveis percentual de gordura corpórea, flexibilidade e idade; houve diferença estatística significativa na altura e peso, a incidência de lesões foi menor do que em estudos prévios, o local acometido, a circunstância em que ocorreram, e a correlação com a flexibilidade foi coerente com a literatura.

INTRODUCTION: The knowledge on the ideal physical profile for each task, and on the injuries which mostly happen to each athlete, is essential to any successful team. This study had two aims: (a) to define the athletes' physical profile and (b) to epidemiologically study the injuries suffered during the Municipal Amateur Soccer Cup. METHODOLOGY: 50 athletes divided in five groups were assessed: goalkeepers (GO); fullbacks (FB); sideways (SW); midfielders (MF); forwards (FO). The injuries were classified by area, mechanism, severity and player's position. RESULTS: The physical profile of the athletes was: 5'21'' ± 2.75'' height, 165.08 ± 1.79 lb weight, 15.19 ± 3.03 % body fat percentage, 27.56 ± 12.0 cm flexibility and age of 25.32 ± 4.41. The analysis held revealed significant differences between height (p < 0.001) and weight (p = 0.021) related to the athlete's position on the field, and correlation between injury occurrence and flexibility decrease. 21 injuries were recorded in 53 games, corresponding to 0.40 injuries/game, or 12 injuries/1,000 hours/athlete. Contact injuries represented 57%; nine injuries (43%) were light, and only five (24%) were considered severe. CONCLUSION: the athletes' physical profile assessed was similar to the previous reference and homogeneous in the body fat percentage, flexibility and age variables. Significant statistical difference was observed in height and weight; injury occurrence was lower than in previous studies; the area, situation in which they occurred and correlation with flexibility were in agreement with the literature.